HEREIN

 

CHANGING PERSPECTIVES
ON THE HERITAGE

THEME 1.

1.1 Co-operation between
private and public initiatives

Cultural heritage protection in the
Slovak Republic belongs to the administration of the Ministry of Culture, which
50 years ago established specialized institution – Institute of monuments
preservation for this purpose. The Institute of monuments preservation, in the
statute – is in charge of activity from science through performing of the
protection research, processing of methodologies, up to the practical
supervision by the renewal and restoration so as the practical performance of
the monuments restoration. The care for the state of cultural monuments is first
of all the duty of owners. The state can pay to the owners a part of costs for
the repair and renewal through the funds especially established for this
purpose, but it is only a part of the required amount. This support is without
claims.

The
citizen initiatives were restricted and isolated because of the political system
during the period of the socialism; they represented mainly the initiatives of
young people with the protecting ambitions, e.g. SZOPK (Slovak Association of
Nature Beauty Protectors), Strom života (the Life tree). Both these initiatives
were in the rule environmentally directed, they aimed also at the cultural
heritage protection. They were successful in concrete activities (rescue of a
mill in Kvačianska dolina) and moreover they raised also the medial campaign
(Rescue the treasure – the revitalization of the water-supply system in Banská
Štiavnica). Private initiatives de facto did not exist.

After
the year 1989 the official possibility arose to establish voluntary
organizations and foundations with the Act of the Slovak National Council No
83/1990, what opened the “limits” for the until hampered non-state citizen
initiatives.

At
present more voluntary organizations and foundations are registered only in the
field of the cultural heritage, of that ca. 100 are commonly active towards the
different fields of the protection and utilization of cultural heritage. In the
beginning isolated initiatives were lately integrated with the ambition to
create a common platform named Native country – forum for the cultural heritage
for the non-profit non-government organizations. The aim of this platform is the
support and the co-ordination of the common interests in the field of the
cultural heritage. Further the providing of the public support of the curbing
conditions for the protection and the valorization of the cultural heritage and
their integration into the developing intentions of the society. Finally the
unification of the requirements and stimulations towards the state sector e.g.
in the relationship to the inputs into the legislative.

Official support for the activities
from the view of the state is direct possible, in the way of grants for the
concrete projects.

The
co-operation between the state and non-government organizations is frequent and
common, but the most visible sign is Expo of the cultural heritage in the
Slovakia – NOSTALGIA, where it is possible to see the activity presentations on
the rescue and protection of the cultural heritage by all types of institutions
and organizations, government and non-government organizations, commercial
companies, foundations, associations and corporations.

The
present changes in the cultural heritage protection are first of all the
reflection of the universal changes in the last twelve years and they give
especially:
– Changes in the property relationships (e.g. the state share on
the property ownership of the immovable monuments decreased from 36% in the year
1988 to 16% in the year 2001 and on the contrary the share of the private sector
increased from 24% to 37%),
– The transformation of the part of the
government competencies in the field of the cultural heritage protection to the
self-governing organs of municipalities and upper territorial units,
– The
preparation of changes in the way of the funding of the protection and renewal
of the cultural heritage,
– Legislative changes (new Act on the Monuments
fund was adopted by the parliament after a several-year preparation, with the
effect since 1st April 2002).
– The transformation of the Institute of
monuments preservation into the authority with the strengthened
competencies.

1.2 Heritage contribution
to sustainable development

Cultural heritage as the integrated
part of the environment got its importance of the adequate position to the
“sustainable development” by the processing of the national strategy in the
special part, according to the country character and the historical development
of the Slovakia, which affected partially considerable urbanization of the
territory in the last periods. The intention of this part of the National agenda
21 is on the basis of the knowledge to use effectively existing capacities of
the space-material structures with the particular emphasis on the monumental
protected areas and subjects. At the same time the question of the observation
of the primary sources (e.g. preferences for the maintenance instead of the
radical modernization), the creation of new work places (by the establishment of
the operations aimed at the use of the traditional materials and products) and
the preservation of the country character (by the elimination of country
depopulation and mass migration to towns) should be examined. These questions
were detailed elaborated on the concrete model territory also in the framework
of the pilot project, which is the Regional agenda 21 for the Middle Pohronie,
elaborated for the chosen area of the Slovakia in the year 1999.

Government and non-Government
organizations work together on another many projects, which aimed:
– To sign
factors, which work in this area and relations between them (ecology, economy
and the social field influence here each other)
– To propose the steps like
the systematic care and aimed utilization of the cultural heritage can
contribute to the permanent sustainable development.
The point is the
long-term activities and therefore it is too early to speak about the concrete
results.

THEME 2. AGENTS
(ORGANISATION AND PEOPLE)

2.1 National
administration

2.1.1 Competent
institutions

The
central state organ on this section is the Ministry of Culture of the Slovak
Republic according to the valid Act of the Slovak National Council No. 27/1987
on the Institute of Monuments Preservation.

According to the Act on the Local
State Administrative, the responsible organs in the field of the Institute of
monuments preservation in the single regions (8) and districts (79) are Regional
authorities – Cultural department and Local authorities – Regional development
department.

The
Central organization of the Institute of monuments preservation was established
for the specialized activity in this field – it was the Institute of monuments
preservation in Bratislava, which established subsidiaries – 8 regional centers
(in the regional towns) and 15 work places and offices on the whole Slovak
territory.

The
Act which parliament adopted on 19th December 2001 (coming into the effect on
1st April 2002) creates a specialized state administration for the monuments
protection through the transformation from the Institute of monuments
preservation into the Monuments preservation authority in the area of the
monuments protection.

2.1.2 Addresses of the
institutions

Ministry of Culture of the
Slovak Republic
Nám. SNP č. 33
813 33 Bratislava
Slovak
Republic

Cultural heritage
department
General manager
Mgr. Lenhart Jozef

The Monuments Board of the
Slovak Republic
Cesta na Červený most č. 6, 814 06 Bratislava,
Slovakia

Operator: +421/2/5477 4444, 5477
1902, 5477 5876
Fax: +421/2/5477 5844
E-Mail:
podatelna@pamiatky.gov.sk
oua@pamiatky.gov.sk
uzkp@pamiatky.gov.sk

2.1.3 Personnel working on
conservation

Ministry of culture – Section of
Cultural heritage had a total of 38 staff, including 8 employees of Department
of Cultural Monuments.

Department of Cultural Monuments 8
staff
Institute of Monuments Preservation 187 staff
Local and regional
authorities in SR 90 staff
Archaeological Institute of SAV + archeologists in
Museums ca. 40 staff
Total in the Slovakia 325 staff

2.7 National training
structures

Secondary schools, Universities and
Institutes, Other forms of education and courses

Secondary schools
Special
secondary school for wood industries
Stredná odborná škola
drevárska
Pavlovičova 3, 821 04 Bratislava
Furniture, wood – restoration
and preservation

Secondary technical school of S.
Mikovini
Stredná priemyselná škola S. Mikoviniho
Akademická 11, 969 15
Banská Štiavnica
Stone, plasters, paintings, ceramics, porcelain –
restoration and preservation

Secondary technical school of S.
Stankoviansky
Stredná priemyselná škola S. Stankovianskeho
Akademická 13,
969 25 Banská Štiavnica
Paper, old printings, books, textiles – restoration
and preservation

Secondary school of the industrial
design
Škola úžitkového výtvarníctva
Dúbravská cesta 9, 842 05
Bratislava
Ceramics, porcelain, stone, textiles, wood – restoration and
preservation

Secondary school for
arts
Stredná umelecká škola
Slavkovská 19, 060 01 Kežmarok

Universities and
Institutes

Academy of arts – Faculty of
plastic arts
Akadémia umení – Fakulta výtvarných umení
J. Kolára 21, 974
01 Banská Bystrica

Slovak Technical University –
Faculty of Architecture
Slovenská technická univerzita – Fakulta
architektúry
Nám. Slobody 19, 812 45 Bratislava
Department of history of
architecture and art (Katedra dejín architektúry a umenia)
Department of
protection and creation in the monumental area (Katedra ochrany a tvorby v
pamiatkovom prostredí)
Department of architectural theory, art and design
(Katedra teórie architektúry, umenia a designu)

Technical university – Fakulty of
the industrial design
Technická univerzita – Fakulta úžitkových
umení
Letná 9, 042 00 Košice

University of Trnava – Faculty of
humanism
Trnavská univerzita – Fakulta humanistiky
Hornopotočná 23, 917 00
Trnava

University of Cyril and Method –
Faculty of Philosophy
Univerzita Cyrila a Metoda – Filozofická fakulta
J.
Herdu nám. 2, 917 01 Trnava

Comenius University – Faculty of
Philosophy
Gondova 2, 818 01 Bratislava
Department of archeology (Katedra
archeológie)
Plastic arts history department (Katedra dejín výtvarného
umenia)
Ethnology department (Katedra etnológie)
Department of Cultural
Science (Katedra kulturológie)

University of the Constantine
Philosoph – Faculty of Philosophy
Univerzita Konštantína Filozofa –
Filozofická fakulta
A. Hlinku tr. 1, 949 74 Nitra
Department of archeology
(Katedra archeológie)
Department of history (Katedra histórie)
Ethnology
department (Katedra etnológie)

Mathew Bel University – Faculty of
humanities
Univerzita Mateja Bela – Fakulta humanitných vied
Národná 12,
974 01 Banská Bystrica

Institute for plastic
arts
Vysoká škola výtvarných umení
Hviezdoslavovo nám. 18, 814 37
Bratislava
Department of architecture (Katedra architektúry)
Restoration
department (Katedra reštaurovania)
Department of theory and history of
plastic arts (Katedra teórie a dejín výtvarného umenia)

Other
forms of education
Academia Istropolitana Nova
Prostredná 13, 921 01 Sv.
Jur

Craftsmen
The center for
artistic craftsmanship in Kežmarok (Centrum umeleckých remesiel v
Kežmarku)
The folklore festival in Hrušov – Courts in Hrušov (Folklórny
festival v Hrušove – Hrušovské dvory), which is aimed mainly at
craftsmanships.
The Festival Koliesko in Kokava nad Rimavicou, where it is
possible to attend dance classes, but e.g. also pottery classes, course of
basket production and other industrial and artistic objects made of sticks and
other nature materials and where it is possible to see live the work with the
wood and smith works.

Strom
života – holiday stays – courses aimed at the excavation archaeological works
under the leadership of qualified archeologists.
The best-known summer camp
for young archeologists is Kláštorisko in the community Letanovce in the region
of Spišská Nová Ves.

The
institute for public administration is established for the education of the
state administration employees.

The
Faculty of architecture of the Slovak technical university Bratislava prepares
the post-gradual study aimed at the monuments protection.
THEME 3. FINANCIAL
POLICY

3.1 Public funding
sources

3.1.1
State

Cultural heritage represents the
irreplaceable richness of the country and provides a whole range of
possibilities of its economic development. The care for the monuments fund is
not a burden, as it from the point of view of the administrators of the public
financial means mostly perceived is, but a capital, into which to invest
purposefully and continuously will be paid back. The valorisation of investments
is considered as one of the best, most ecological and practically most stabile
instruments of the whole country. The omitting of the protection and
preservation of the monuments fund but may become a big burden for the public
budget, as it is shown in the situation of the Slovak Republic.

The
present state of the support of the monuments preservation fund in the Slovak
Republic is in all its points signed with the development of the “state
monuments preservation” up to the year 1989 and mainly of the more than
forty-year long continuity interruption of the owner relationships. The
long-term omitting of the maintenance of the preserved monuments fund in spite
of the fact that the significant part of the state financial means (around 1
billion Kčs a year) was invested into the monuments renewal in time of
socialistic economic system, the results of this state preservation are
problematical.

In
the period of the transformation after the year 1989, so in the period of the
“privatising” of the monuments fund, arose a sharp drop of the direct public
sources orientated towards the monuments preservation. Individual subrogation of
the finances provided by the state for the renewal and maintenance of monuments
in hands of non-state owners came after the year 1994, when the total quantity
of the public means, which were released in this way, were reduced on one
quarter in comparison with the year 1993.

The
unfavourable state is seen also at the present situation at the market with the
immovable cultural monuments, where there is a relatively low demand and a very
narrow spectrum of interested persons for their purchase.

The
situation in the State cultural fund “Pro Slovakia” (ŠFK) provides evidence for
the development in the field of the direct state financial aid to the non-state
owners of the monuments. The total volume of the state support to the monuments
preservation through the budget of this fund from the year 1993 to the year 2001
was continuously decreasing. The nominal expenses for the renewal of the
cultural monuments from the fund:
132 million SKK in the year 1992 decreased
to 24.505 million SKK in the year 1999, 22.95 million SKK in the year 2000 and
19.80 million SKK in the year 2001.

The
position of the monuments funding in the framework of ŠFK, where around 65% of
the total fund budget was determined for the monuments preservation in 1993, was
reduced to 22% from the year 1994 to the year 2000. The biggest drop of the
ratio of the fund means determined for the monuments preservation in comparison
with its total budget came in the year 1997 (12.2%) and in the year 1998 (only
7.7%). Grants from the state budget provided through ŠFK “Pro Slovakia”
increased to 33% in the year 2000, but when it was expressed in Slovak crowns,
it represented only 22.95 million SKK.

For
the comparison we mention the requirements for the contribution from this fund
in years 1999-2001:

Provided Required
1999
24,505,000 138,638,610
2000 22,950,000 650,920,507
2001 19,495,000
124,322,372

Further direct monetary state
support runs through the chapters of the Regional authorities and to them linked
budgets of the Local authorities according to §16 of the Act No 27/1987 of the
Slovak National Council on the State monuments preservation.

In
the year 2000 the financial state support represented one seventh of the means
in the year 1992, whereby the positive drop in the quantity of the singled means
for the contributions for the monuments renewal came also in this field in the
year 1994. The average satisfaction of the requirements for the contribution to
the monuments preservation from this source fluctuated around 1.3% in the period
from the year 1997 to the year 2000.

In
the period of the years 1993 – 1994 the means singled for the maintenance and
renewal of the sacral monuments were practically stopped according to the Act No
218/1949 on the Economic Security of Churches and Religious Societies. It is
known that our most valuable cultural monuments are in the ownership of
Churches, the maintenance, renewal and security of which is in comparison with
other cultural monuments most expensive (expensive restoration works, static
security, security of the equipment and movables against thefts and
others).

740.3
million SKK was from the state budget spent on the renewal and maintenance of
the cultural monuments in the state ownership according to the annual statistic
statement of monuments preservation funding, which was summarily set up for the
first time for the year 2000. The state financial support for the renewal and
maintenance of the cultural monuments in the ownership of municipalities,
Churches, legal and natural persons represented summarily for the whole Slovakia
29.6 million SKK, that is 3.8% in comparison with the state means aimed at this
area.

The possibilities of the
support for the preservation of the monuments fund except for the cultural
resort

It is
possible to gain a direct financial aid for the preservation of the monuments of
the country type in the framework of the country renewal, realized in the
direction and co-ordination of Ministry of Environment of the Slovak Republic
through the mediation of the Slovak environmental agency. The means of the
program are determined only for chosen regions and municipalities, whereby the
applicant may be only an organ of local self-government.

Another volumes of contributions
for the funding of the preservation of the monuments fund was possible to gain
sporadically of the means of:
– General cash report (extracts of lotteries
and other similar games),
– Traffic development support program
– State
fund of housing development
– Housing development support program
Means
from these sources are released non-systematically and with a high
fluctuation.

It
was possible to apply for the support of historical greens, which is the part of
the monuments fund, at the Slovak fund of environment under the direction and
co-ordination of the Government department for the environment.

Since
the next year another possibility will be the application for the support in the
framework of the country development programs. These were elaborated in
co-operation with the European Committee in the framework of the European Union
program of the agriculture and country development SAPARD and they will be
realized through the mediation of the SAPARD agency under the direction and
co-ordination of the Government department for public works, whereby Slovak
Republic has to share on the funding of single projects. The projects in the
framework of the so-called diversification activities in the country area are
worth considering in the relationship to the monuments fund according to § 5 of
the Slovak Government provision No 316/2001 on the Development Programs of
Agriculture and Country. The point is the investments into:
1. Profit
projects for the restoration and modernization of the recreation and
accommodation equipments of the past agricultural apparatuses, which lost their
original purpose, their reconstruction to the agro-tourist objects, the
development of the complementary productions, production of the traditional
materials and products, which serve the development of the tourist activities,
development of the relaxation and recreation activities (investments in the
scale from minimum 24 thousand EURO to maximum 24 million EURO for a single
project.,
2. Non-profit objects modernization of the buildings with the
historical, cultural importance and of their surroundings (investments in the
scale from minimum 24 thousand EURO to maximum 120,300 EURO for a single
project).

The drawing of means in the framework of this program is not
possible up to now for none of nine SAPARD program proceedings is not yet
“accredited” in Brussels. Slovakia can draw these means if the accreditation for
their utilization will be gained, together with the year 2002, in the amount of
three billion.

Another possibility to gain the support from the
structural fund of European Union, and directly for the culture, is the program
CULTURE 2000. This program enables to gain means for the support of the specific
innovation or experiment projects in the field of cultural heritage – monuments
fund preservation. The program conditions for the gain of the support means of
the European Union for the concrete projects:
3. Contract among minimum three
operators from different states, which are participated on the project,
4.
The multiplication effect in the form of creation of permanent and extensive
forms of co-operation among partners, the cost share released for the project
from the European Union Fund with the maximum 60% – sometimes 80% of the total
projects budget,
5. The duration period of the project realization – minimum
one year, maximum three years.

The cost payments not before the end of
each year, after the check of the realized work and accounting approval trough a
separate committee, are as much realization demanding that they are practically
administrative infeasible. In coherence of this fact the Ministers of Culture of
single countries linked up with this program will meat in December 2001 to
concern with the causes of the low interest in putting forward concrete
projects. In the year 2000 it was possible to apply for the support of projects
which were aimed at protection, renewal and presentation of the architectonic
heritage “in the state ownership, coming from the 19th and 20th century” in the
field of cultural heritage under the fulfilment of above mentioned general
conditions.

The conditions would probably be simplified according to the
meeting results of Ministers of culture. Ministry of Culture of the Slovak
Republic established so-called, for the program prescribed, cultural contact
point, which should administrate the preparation, putting forward and approval
of projects for the Slovak Republic. The cultural heritage support will be taken
into account as the priority in the framework of the program in the year
2004.

3.1.2 Regional and local government

The
owner of cultural monument has the right to exert the tax exemption according to
the Act No 317/1992 of the National Council of the Slovak Republic.

a)
According to § 4 section 1ch)

– Grounds exempt from the tax are: grounds
in the protected areas and protected natural creations and monuments.

b)
According to § 9 section 1j)

6. Buildings exempt from the tax are:
fifteen-year long protection protected houses, houses in municipal protection
reservations, folk architecture reservations and in protection zones, the
reconstruction of which will renew or extend the housing fund.
7. Grounds and
buildings are exempt from the tax only if they are not used for the undertaking
or self-employment activity or lease. If the exemption conditions are related to
a part of the building, only this part is exempt from the tax.

Many towns
and villages created funds, which follow for example the renewal of roofs with
the purpose of the new utilization of these spaces.

3.3 Aids and
grants – Public support

3.3.1 Direct aid

Up to the year
1989 the state monuments preservation spent for the monuments renewal in overage
1 billion of Kčs annually, but the results were more than problematic. In the
transformation period after the year 1989 came the decrease of the direct state
sources in the field of monuments preservation and in the year 2000 through the
mediation of state organs and organizations run into the maintenance and renewal
of monuments ca. 620 million SKK.

The direct financial state support runs
further by means of chapters of Regional authorities and with it linked budgets
of the local authorities according to § 16 Act No 27/1987 of the Slovak National
Council On state monuments preservation. In the year 2000 it represented 127
millions.

Another direct state aid for the cultural monuments renewal
through the mediation of State fund for culture “Pro Slovakia” dropped from 132
million SKK in the year 1992 to 23 million SKK in the year 2000.

It is
possible to gain irregular contributions for the preservation funding of the
monuments fund from the means:
– General cash administration (extracts from
lotteries and other similar games),
– Traffic development support
program,
– State fund for environment
– State fund for housing
development
– Housing development support program

Approximately 740
million SKK was spent of the state sources for the renewal and maintenance of
cultural monuments in the state ownership according to the annual statistic
statement on monuments preservation funding in Slovakia in the year
2000.

The state financial support by the renewal and maintenance of the
cultural monuments in the ownership of municipalities, Churches, legal and
natural persons represented 30 million SKK in the whole Slovakia.

It is
possible to gain a direct financial support for the preservation of monuments of
the country type in the framework of the Village renewal program through the
mediation of the Slovak environmental agency. The means of the program are
determined only for chosen regions and municipalities, whereby the applicant for
the contribution can only be the organ of the local self-government.

It
is possible to apply for the support for the preservation of historical greens,
which is the part of the monuments fund, in the Slovak fund for environment
under the direction and co-ordination of the government department for
Environment.

Since the next year the application for the support in the
framework of the country development programs, which were elaborated in the
co-operation with the European Committee and are going to be realized through
the mediation of the agency SAPARD, will be possible.

The projects in the
framework of the so-called diversifications activities in the country area can
be taken into the consideration in the relation to the monuments fund according
to § 5 Statutory Order of the Slovak Republic No 316/2001 on Developing Programs
of the Agriculture and Country. It is the following investments into:
8.
Profit projects of the reconstruction and modernization of the recreational and
accommodating equipments, which lost their original purpose, their design for
the agro-tourist objects, the development of the supplementary productions, the
production of the traditional materials and products, which serve to the tourist
activities development, the development of relaxing and recreating activities
(investments in the scale from minimum 24 thousand EURO to maximum 24 million
EURO per project),
9. Non-profit projects of the buildings modernization of
the historical, cultural significance and of their surroundings (investments in
the scale from minimum 24 thousand EURO to
10. maximum 120,300 EURO for one
project).

The drawing of means in the framework of this program will be
possible as late even after the accreditation in the amount of three billions
along with the year 2002.

Another possibility is the support from the
structural funds of the program CULTURE 2000. This program enables to gain means
for the support of specific innovation or experimental projects in the cultural
heritage field. The program conditions for the gaining of support means from the
European Union for the concrete projects are:
11. A contract among at least
three operators form different countries taking part on the program,
12. A
multiplication effect in the form of the creation of permanent and enormous
co-ordination forms among partners, the cost share released for the project from
the fund of the European Union of the maximum amount 60% (occasionally 80% of
the total budget of projects),
13. The duration period of the project
realization minimum a year maximum three years.

3.3.2 Tax
relief

The criteria of the direct financial support to the
monuments preservation is not the only criteria, which gives evidence on the
quality and society care standard for this type of the national
richness.

Because the whole system of funding and indirect support of the
monuments preservation is only newly created, it is necessary to elaborate the
public interest preference tools of the indirect support in the form of tax
rebates like these:
14. Reduction of the tax base,
15. Reduction of the
value added tax for entrepreneurs who invest into cultural monuments,
16. The
possibility of the accelerated depreciation of the acquiring price by the
purchase of a destroyed cultural monument and of the means spent for its
renewal,
17. Release of the accession tax and of other transfer of the
destroyed cultural monument,
18. Accelerated depreciation of investments into
the protection, maintenance, renewal, security, utilization and opening of the
cultural monuments to the public.
19. The indirect state support by the
monument restoration, where the owner will pay only a part of the actual cost of
the restoration, is also considered.

The owner of the cultural monument
has the right to claim the tax exemption according to the Act No 317/1992 of the
National Council of the Slovak Republic:

a) According to § 4 section
1ch)
– Grounds exempt from the ground tax are: grounds in protected
territories and protected natural creations and monuments.

b) According
to § 9 section 1j)
20. Buildings exempt from the building tax: fifteen-year
long protection protected houses, houses in municipal protection reservations,
folk architecture reservations and in monuments zones, the reconstruction of
which will renew or extend the housing fund.
21. Grounds and buildings are
exempt from the tax only if they are not used for the undertaking or other
self-employment activity or lease. If the conditions for the tax exemption are
related only to a part of the site, only this part is exempt from the
tax.

THEME 4. KNOWLEDGE AND
PROTECTION

4.1 Inventories and
documentation

4.1.1 Competent
institutions

General Inventory of the Cultural
Monuments (GIM) of Slovakia

The
Institute of Monuments Preservation in Bratislava, is responsible for the
General Inventory of the Cultural Monuments (GIM) of Slovakia. The Institute was
founded in 1951. A basic field investigation of the heritage was carried out in
the period 1953-1960, with further investigations being undertaken throughout
the 1960s.

This
monument inventory has been drawn up with the help of about 40 members of the
Institute’s staff. Additional and specific studies have been carried out with
the collaboration of scientific institutes and schools of advanced studies. At
the outset, the research was undertaken without the use of any precise
terminological vocabulary or approved concepts, but this was remedied in due
course. Special record sheets, with fixed headings, have been used for the
inventory of the rural heritage.

The
List of Monuments in Slovakia was the outcome of the inquiry that was published
in three volumes, listed in alphabetical order and by place, in 1967-1969.
Volume IV was published in 1978. It contains photographs of the most outstanding
monuments, and it summarizes the data presented in the first three volumes. The
List of Monuments contains approximately 30 000 entries. The original materials
acquired as a result of this investigation are part of, for example, the “Z”
Fund documentation.

Development of the
GIM

As in
France, Law no. 7/1958 of the Slovak National Council concerning cultural
monuments was designed to help protect two categories of monuments, and to
create State inventories. These concerned four regions: Bratislava, eastern
Slovakia, central Slovakia, and western Slovakia.

l.
The first category concerned monuments entered in the List of Monuments (as in
France).
2. The second category concerned monuments entered in the State
Inventory (in France these are known as “classified” monuments – monuments
classés).

The
monuments entered in the State Inventory were more stringently protected than
those entered in the List of Monuments.

The
monuments entered in the State Inventory were selected in accordance with Law
No.7/1958 and with the criteria that were valid at that time (some 8,000
documents).

In
1987, the Slovak National Council adopted a new law concerning the safeguarding
of monuments. This law no. 27/1987 is still in force, and has created the legal
basis for the establishment of the General Inventory of Monuments (GIM) in
Slovakia. The GIM was set up in 1988.

Law
No. 27 only recognizes one category of protected monuments – those monuments
that are entered in the General Inventory (in France, monuments classés). This
law does not protect monuments in the List.

The
following have been entered in the GIM, in accordance with the law:

1.
All monuments previously entered in the State Inventory.
2. All
properties/assets recognized as monuments by the Ministry of Culture.

The
List of Monuments and the four regional State Inventories served as sources ~~
the creation of the GIM. The monuments in the State Inventory have been entered
directly, but the items entered in the List had to go through an approval
procedure in order to be legally declared monuments.

The
approval procedure consists of 5 points:

1.
The proposal to declare a property a monument may be put forward by the citizen
associated with the property in question, by an organization or by the qualified
administration.

2. A
professional organization must submit an expert opinion: the “professional
proposal”.

3.
The Administrator of the GIM advises the owner about the proposal, as well as
the qualified administration in the region.

4.
The proposal of the professional organization, the owner and the qualified
administration in the region form the basis of the decision of the Ministry of
Culture to declare a property a monument, or turn down the proposal.

5.
The Administrator of the GIM enters the monuments in the GIM after the official
declaration.

The
GIM in Slovakia is the sum of the various endeavors that have been made. To
date, it contains 12 700 monuments that are fixed properties, and 14 000
monuments that are “moveable” assets. But in 10 villages, measures have also
been introduced to protect complexes of rural architecture.

The
GIM is made up of three standard components and the Automatic Register (AR).

The three standard components are:
1. The register
2. The index of
record sheets
3. The supplement collection – the GIM
documentation.

Computerization helps not only to
process a large amount of information and data, but it also enables to apply
more precise definitions to certain concepts.
Initial utilization of
computers and data-processing in this field dates back to the period 1978-1985,
but the first effectual results came with the installation of the PC. The AR was
computerized in 1988-1989. It combines the data from two standard components. It
did not comprise originally two important types of data – the identification
photograph and the free description, but the present software (type SQL) enables
to combine data with photographs, graphics and free texts. One began to collect
them gradually and to add them to databases.

AR,
which was originally used mainly for administrative purposes, is still more used
also by the specialists after the addition of visual information.

The
AR has the status of a sub-system. The system consists of three sub-systems: the
basis of the system is the AR, to which are added the documentary sub-system and
the factual sub-system.

The
AR model has two levels. The first refers to cultural monuments, the second ~
“items” that have the status of monuments. A monument consists of an “item” or
it may consist of several “items”.

For
example:
1. A church is a single item, so the monument is the church and the
item is also the church.
2. The church may also comprise: a chapel or
chapels, sculpture(s), a bell-tower, churchyard walls, etc. So the monument is
the church together with the churchyard, and a certain number of items are the
church, the chapel, etc.

4.1.2 Types of
inventories

Obligatory thesaurus is used by the
actualisation, addition of new data and new monuments. The AR date serve as the
basis for the creation of GIS, which is preferably filled with the data on
monuments in the localities, which are written in the inventory of the world
heritage.

Institute of monuments preservation
in Bratislava registers the General Inventory of the Cultural Monuments of
Slovak Republic – of the monument fund. Regional and Local authorities register
the Inventories of monuments of their territorial districts on the basis of
extracts, which the Institute of monuments preservation sends them in one-year,
two-year interval. One does not register special thematic inventories, but the
extracts on the basis of type itemization of monuments are performed for
specialists, e.g. for the historical greens.

The
immovable monuments are itemized according to the type differentiation:
–
Architectural monuments
– Folk architecture monuments
– Historical
monuments
– Historical green monuments
– Archaeological monuments
–
Technical monuments
– Artistic monuments

Numbers of monuments see in
Chapter 7.1.

1.
Recently, we were creating the database for “movable” monuments, but it was
necessary to create a link between the inventory of “movable” monuments and the
inventory of “fixed” monuments.

2.
The updating of the files, which were not fully established, has not been
carried out.

3.
The data for the monument had to be cumulative, but what was even more
important, was to complement the database with the identification photograph,
the drawing of the plane section, the location, and the description.

4.
The documentary sub-base had been created.

5.
The most important issue was to devise the model for the description of
monuments consisting of a set of items. The model, which had to be precise
without being complicated, described what actually existed in the field. It was
also necessary to determine the number of levels, and the feature of these
levels.

a.
Systems for protection

4.2.2 Urban planning and
environment legislation

The
Government of the Slovak Republic adopted measures for the realization of the
rescue conception of cultural heritage of the Slovak Republic in a decree on 8th
January 1991. In the measures the Government imposed the Minister of Environment
and Minister of culture to shift the revitalization of historical cores of
cities, the rescue of cultural monuments, monuments reservations and zones by
means of the territorial plan and construction order.

This
process is permanent and continuous and is directed by the Construction Act No
50/1976, which was several times novelised during the years 1991 – 2001. The
necessities projection of monuments preservation into the “territorial plans”
was displayed significantly in 127 settlements (villages and towns), where the
municipal monuments reservations (18), monuments reservations of folk
architecture (10) and monuments zones (89) are declared.

The
protection principles of the monuments territory are the basis for the
elaboration of the territorial-planning documentation according to the
Construction Act. It is a duty to elaborate the special part devoted to the
monuments preservation on each level of the territorial plan according to the
last amendment of the Construction Act.

AU
SAV (Archaeological Institution of the Slovak Science Academy) registers the
archaeological localities central evidence, which also serves as the basis by
the construction approval on the territory, besides the archaeological monuments
in Slovakia.

4.2.3 Heritage Protection:
effects and implementation

The
assumptions for the effective cultural heritage protection from the destruction
including the war and natural catastrophe are created in the legal system of the
Slovak Republic.
The effectiveness of this protection depends on:
1. The
ability of relevant organs including their inspection items to shift these laws
equally in today’s practice, what is the problem of all post-communist countries
of the Central and Eastern Europe.
2. The ability of cooperation between two
supporting resorts, which are responsible for the protection of the natural and
cultural heritage – the resort of culture and the resort of
environment.

4.2.4 Responsibilities
structure for protection

The
Ministry of Culture of the Slovak Republic is the central state organ in the
section of state monument preservation.

Regional authorities – Departments
for culture and Local authorities – Departments for the regional development are
responsible in single regions (8) and districts (79) according to the Act on
Local State Administration.

The
Institute of monuments preservation in Bratislava is the central professional
workplace in this field, which has the subsidiaries established on the whole
Slovak territory – 8 regional centres (in regional cities) and 15 workplaces and
offices.

The
Act, which the parliament adopted on 19th December 2001 (with the effect since
1st April 2002), creates the specialized state administration for the monuments
protection through the transformation of the Institute of monuments preservation
to the Office of monuments preservation of the Slovak Republic. This act
strengthens the task of professionals at the same time, when their competences
are shifted from the opinions level into the official decision level and from
the regional and local authorities to the Regional monuments offices and Office
of monuments preservation, respectively some competencies are shifted up to the
self-government organs, which arose on 1st January 2002.

The organization security
structure of archaeological findings and localities
protection:

1.
The Ministry of Culture of the Slovak Republic
2. Regional and Local
authorities
3. Communities – they create the workplaces for the purpose of
the professional administration, documentation, utilization, propagation and
presentation of archaeological localities and archaeological findings.
4.
Institute of monuments preservation Bratislava
5. Archaeological institute
SAV Nitra
6. Slovak National Museum Bratislava and other museums, citizen
associations, foundations, non-governmental organizations, regional
associations, which contribute to the rescue and presentation of archaeological
findings and localities to a large extend.

THEME 5. PROTECTION AND
MANAGEMENT

5.1 Protection work on
heritage

5.1.1 Contracting
authorities

The
owner of the monuments is responsible for the state and so for the renewal of
these monuments according to the valid acts. In the case that the point is a
state property, the organ or the organization, which on behalf of the state
administrates this property, is responsible for it. These state institutions are
in the prevailing majority the contracting authorities of works by the renewal
and restoration of monuments.

5.1.2
Contractor

In
the framework of the market space, which arose in Slovakia during 12 years, the
contractors of works can be the companies, which are chosen on the basis of the
procuring process – tender. The originally valid Act on the Monuments
Preservation regulated the predisposition for these operations only in the
minimum extend.

The
Act on Monuments fund, which will come into force on 1st April 2002, comprises
the provisions, according to which commissions by the Ministry of Culture will
be established and they will check the predisposition of legal and natural
persons for single activities. The Ministry of Culture will issue (respectively
take back) the certificates of professional predisposition on the basis of
proposals of these commissions.

The
projection and restoration works in the field of monuments fund can be carried
out only by persons, who have the professional predisposition according to the
peculiar provisions (the Act on Restorers Chamber and the Act on Authorized
Architects and Builders).

5.1.3 Selection of
contractors

The
way of the selection of a renewal, respectively restoration practitioner depends
on the type of owner and funding source.

If
the owner and funding source are not national (respectively public), the
selection of the practitioner doesn’t report the Act on Procurement, but the law
terms, which refer to the professional predisposition, have to be
observed.

In
the case that the owner and the source are of the national respectively public
origin, the organization has to proceed according to the Act No 263/99 on Public
Procurement, in accordance with which the Guideline of the Ministry of Culture
was elaborated, and of which we quote the main part:

THE
GUIDELINE
On the proceeding by the Attendance of Goods, Construction
Works and Depending Delivering Works and Services according to the Act No 263/99
on Public Procurement and of the Changes and Amendments of some acts

1.
The aim of this guideline is to set a united and obligatory proceeding of all
bodies of the Ministry of Culture of the Slovak Republic (further only the
“Ministry”), budgetary and contribution organizations in the establishing duty
of the Ministry, by the exertion of the Act No 263/1999 on the Public
Procurement and on the Changes and Amendments of Some Acts (further only act on
public procurement), by the procurement of goods, services, works and
performances paid from the budgetary chapter of the Ministry aimed at reaching
their economic, effective and transparent utilization.

2.
The provider, that is the leader of the relevant section of the Ministry, the
statutory deputy of state budgetary or contribution organization or of state
objective fund, is responsible for the observance of proceedings and methods
according to the act on public procurement.

3.
The providers’ duty relates to the observance of:

–
Products, appliances and other subjects prodded on the market and determined for
the sale (good)

–
Construction works and with them connected delivery works, which are necessary
for the construction (work) making

–
Financial, legal, trade and other services, (services)

–
Operations, singled out in the services framework as their isolated part, paid
by providers and regardless of the fact whether they provide the good, works,
services and operations for the fulfillment of their tasks or for the provider
requirements. The design works, normal reparation and maintenance are classified
among the services.

1. By
the quiet enjoyment, the provider is not obliged to use methods and proceedings
of public observance, if the subject of observance is the acquirement of goods
and services and the prices sum of the equal type of goods or services without
the value added tax is maximum 500 thousand SKK and:

a)
During the calendar year or

b)
During the contract duration, if the contract is made for the longer period than
a calendar year
c) And in case that the observation subject is operations
providing, if the sum of all rewards and prices is maximum 500 thousand SKK for
them.

2. If
the provider buys the good or realizes services of equal type in a calendar
year, where the price sum is up to maximum 500 thousand SKK, it is not possible
to exceed this sum not only on the basis of the additional declaration of some
public observation methods for the same good or services.

3.
Provider is obliged to apply some of the public procurement methods if the
subject is the delivery of works, of which the lump-sum price without value
added tax during the contract duration including its clauses for the same or
coherent contract subject-mater is maximum 1,000,000 SKK. Provider is obliged to
proceed according to the act on public procurement by the exceeding of these
lump-sum prices. The approval of the economics section of Ministry of Culture of
the Slovak Republic is necessary for the beginning of all construction
works.

4.
The provider has the duty to announce the statement in the Gazette of Public
Procurement according to individual annexes, which are the part of the act on
public procurement as of this guideline, by the statement of the public
procurement method in the form of public competition, closer competition and
negotiating process with publishing. The information on the Gazette is announced
on the address : http://www.uvo.gov.sk.

5.1.4 Programming of
works

The
owner or the vicarious professional, who has to be educated and skilled in
engineering-investment activities by the monuments renewal, is responsible for
the programming and works preparation. The norms for the equipment of monuments
from the point of view of their safety, protection and provision are
subordinated to the same acts as the buildings, which are not protected as
monuments. The plans and calendars for their maintenance and renewal are
elaborated according to these norms.

5.2 Use, re-use and
enhancement

The
discussion of professional, but also laic public, which aims the utilization and
valorisation of monuments in the new market space according to their unique
character and importance and if it is possible also in accordance with the
necessities of their owners, runs over at present. The dialog among the
“creators” and “protectors” goes through in the framework of the public
discussion with the aim to clarify the limits and goals.

The
“National strategy of permanent sustainable development” is individually applied
in this respect as the model solution for the chosen region. The part of this
model is also the monument utilization planning in the framework of the regional
agenda.

5.3 Insertion of
contemporary creative work

The
lists of the top representatives of modern architecture, among which the most
valuable were declared the cultural monuments or the proposals for their
declaration are prepared, were elaborated in co-operation with the relevant
professional organizations (DOCOMOMO,…). These lists are continuously actualised
according to the need.

5.4 Prevention of natural
disasters and human damage

The
Institute of monuments preservation elaborated the “Methodical instructions for
the concealment and spaces arrangements for the storage of cultural monuments
under the military preparedness”, which are valid also in the case of exposure
to the natural catastrophe, in accordance with the Haag Deal on the Value
Protection in the Case of a Military Conflict of 14th May 1954 and the Second
Protocol to the Haag Deal of 26th March 1999. The part of the Methodical
instructions is the Inventory of selected monuments, which is necessary to
protect especially in the case of extraordinary situation rise. The basic (main)
items of this material are:
1. The selection of cultural monument for the
special protection,
2. The selection of the temporary safekeeping
place,
3. The plan of protection and evacuation in connection with the
possible risks analysis,
4. The content of the “Security
documentation”,
5. The plan elaboration process,
6. The professional
instructions for the transport and safekeeping of movable cultural
monuments.

This
field is in the competence of the Department of defence and secret realities of
the Ministry of culture, the department elaborated the more incorporated
“Methodical instruction of cultural monuments protection by the rise of an
extraordinary situation and in time of the state military preparedness” ordered
by the state administration organ.

The
monuments inventories of, which are related to these methodical instructions,
are sent to the relevant state organs. It is necessary to accept this material
as a regulation and so to gain the legal obligation because of the better
monuments security. The regional idiosyncrasy and the rise of regional
self-governments held up to a certain extend its universal acceptance as the
co-operational items in the rescue process.

THEME 6. ACCESS AND
INTERPRETATION

6.1 Public access to
heritage

The
aim of the cultural heritage protection is to preserve the inherited cultural
values for another generations in the authentic state, to prevent the
unfavourable development, to improve the monuments fund state and to raise its
importance in the society life a with respect to the necessities of present
community.

This
aim can be reached only with the support of broad public, which can be gained by
the means of opening and presentation of cultural heritage to the broad circle
of persons showing interest. Cultural activities fixed to the firmly determined
days are realized on this purpose besides the regular informing through the mass
media, besides arrangement of topic expositions.

The
most important of them are:
– The Day of Cultural Monuments 18th April each
year
– The European Heritage Days
– The Fair of the Protection and
Presentation of Cultural Heritage EXPO-NOSTALGIA, which takes place regularly at
the turn of months November and December with the duration of one week. The fair
took place on a very high level three times up to now.

One
succeeded to involve many cultural institutions taking part in a protection and
presentation of cultural heritage in the framework of The European Heritage Days
in Slovakia in the last years. Another city, where the essential activities for
the professional, but also laic public, with the attendance of the
representatives of local self-government would take place, is chosen each year.
But the different cultural actions (private views, introducing of works of
literature and other works – CD-ROM) and days of open doors, take place on the
whole Slovakia. In the year 2001 this director and coordinator city was the
East-Slovakia City Rožňava as the cultural (but also economical) center of
Gemer.

The
Fair of the Protection and Presentation of Cultural Heritage EXPO-NOSTALGIA
takes place regularly at the turn of months November and December with the
duration of one week. The fair took place on a very high level three times up to
now. Monuments institutions, restorers, museums, galleries, schools, science
institutes, antiques shops, archives, libraries, publishing institutions,
information centres, second-hand bookshops, foundations, clubs, associations,
collectors (persons interested in numismatics, philatelists, toys collectors,
furniture collectors), organizations providing services in this field from the
design ateliers through the graphic studios up to the restorers’ ateliers
present here their records, products and protected fund.

Many
regional and local activities take place besides these important campaigns; more
www-pages with the free access for the campaign registration within Slovakia aim
the cartography and presentation of them.

6.2 Raising awareness of
young people

The
secondary schools and Universities influence crucially the education of young
people in this field – see the Chapter 2.7 on training structures. The permanent
educational-promotional activity in this section perform the state institutions
like the Institute of monuments preservation, museums and galleries, whereby
they co-operate also with the schooling in their activities.

Besides this education, the
activities of the Academia Istropolitana Nova, which leads courses in the field
of the cultural heritage protection in English and for the adolescent youth not
only from Slovakia, but also from abroad, deserve the attention.

The
second non-state subject, which substantially shares the education of youth, is
the organization Strom života. The subsidiaries of this subject organize mainly
the holiday stays – courses aimed at the excavation archaeological works under
the leadership of skilled archaeologists.

6.3 Tourism and Promotional
activities

The
cultural heritage and especially the monuments fund are the subject of the
interest of home and foreign public and the sought-for goal of the cultural
tourism. The attractiveness of cultural monuments, their surroundings, provision
with necessary services, are the one of the basic presumptions of the existence
and further development of cultural traffic. All activities and investments
related with the preservation, renewal, utilization, accessibility of monuments
fund and their milieu, have the multiplications effect for more sectors. The
development of traffic, building industry, middle and small undertaking,
utilization and renewal of traditional crafts and technologies, tradition
material production, solution of unemployment and housing issue come together
with the development of the care for the monument fund.

The
document “The National Program of Traffic Development in the Slovak Republic”,
which was adopted by the Government Decree of the Slovak Republic No 185 of 28th
February 2001, inquires into this issue in details. The decree adopted the
measures for the support of the traffic development from the revision of
legislative norms through the elaboration of conceptions and expert
examinations, up to the organization changes and concrete steps for providing of
financial and other necessities.

In
connection with this, it is possible objectively to make use also of the sources
determined for the economic development of regions and of the sources for the
traffic development assistance for this purpose, for the support of
utilization.

Nevertheless we can’t forget that
the guideline for the implementation of the Deal on the Cultural and Natural
Heritage Protection, the General Conference UNESCO in Paris 1972 showed the
traffic as the one of forms of monuments endangerment.
(Please see
www.unesco.org/whc/opgutoc.htm)

Also
the International Charter of Cultural Tourism, Brussels 1976, which defined the
cultural tourism goal as the exploring of cultural settlements and monuments,
pursued for this issue. This aim puts a big positive pressure on them and
contributes to their maintenance and protection with these tasks:
– To keep
monuments in such a state that they would stay attractive for tourists
– The
necessity to respect the world cultural and natural heritage
– To pay regard
to the levels of applicability by the utilization of tourist equipments
–
The fixtures and services can’t be in contradiction to the basic principles of
cultural heritage respecting

And
at last, the International Charter ICOMOS of Cultural Tourism, Mexico 1999
defined some principles of cultural tourism, of which we want to impress
these:

– The
relationship between the cultural heritage and tourism is dynamic and has to
arch over the conflicts of values; it has to be directed in the permanent way
for the benefit of today’s and future generations.

– The
projects have to be designed so that they restrict the negative impacts, which
could damage the cultural heritage.

– The
basic condition is to maintain the authentic monuments collections. The programs
have to represent and interpret the authentic monuments collections, to support
the understanding and valorisation of this cultural heritage.

– The
tourist communities and local population have to take part on the tourist
valorisation of monuments places.

– The
tourist activities and the cultural heritage protection have to bring the
advantages to tourist communities.

The
Slovak monument fund is only a part of the material cultural heritage of the
Slovak Republic. For example, more than 1000 châteaux and curia are known, but
the law protects only 50% of them.

It is
not possible, unequivocally to valuate the possibilities of monument fund
application in the traffic on the basis of accessible information. It is
possible to refer to some types of cultural monuments, which are appropriate for
the traffic:

1)
Monuments as the traffic aims.
For this group of cultural monuments, it is
necessary to valuate their attractiveness for visitors and the possible impact
on the physical substance of cultural monuments. It is necessary to determine
such objects in the framework of regions, which are able to bear a more frequent
regular attendance; it is possible to set the capacities and limits for others.
We unanimously adjoin the localities, recorded in the Inventory of World
Heritage, to this group. It is necessary first to consider their specifications
and the duty resulting from the Deal in this case. For example, the multiple
unregulated visitors number increase in the period after the registration (after
the year 1993) affected unfavourably the life in the settlement Vlkolínec, which
is very much vulnerable locality. So the necessity to connect Vlkolínec in the
net of localities with the strict regulated attendance results in the case. On
the other hand, the reserves are always in localities of municipal type (B.
Štiavnica, Spišské Podhradie and Bardejov) from the side of the optimum traffic
development; but it’s necessary to create the providing of basic necessities,
which are required by the single traffic categories, with the emphasis on the
authentic respect of cultural monuments.

2)
The monuments, which serve, alternatively they could serve for the purposes of
services providing for tourists after the adaptation, as the attractive form of
accommodation and digestion equipments, occasionally other coherent services
with the possibility to combine these services with the community necessities
and with other cultural establishments as: museums, ceremonial hall and so
on.

The
châteaux and curia are regarded as the still omitted part of monuments fund.
Their suitability for the utilization in the traffic is based on their big
untypical variability, which provides a non-repeatable experience, because they
are often situated on the attractive places in historical greens.

The
unused monuments are egged on the completion of the capacity of accommodation
equipments, and especially those, which are in the private ownership, in the
ownership of communities and towns and private companies.

The
Institute of monuments preservation in Bratislava actualises annually the
“Catalogue of cultural monuments presented for the sale” with the emphasis on
the possibility of their utilization in traffic, with the aim to find the
utilization for the monuments, which further stay without use.
(Please see
www.pamiatky.sk)

3)
Also the monuments, which are used in the other way and they are not accessible
for the public, can be successfully attached to traffic, but their high artistic
and historical value stays and they can further influence the esthetical feeling
of a visitor and the intensification of his or her knowledge.

It is
necessary to choose such objects and to consider their possibilities and the
regime of opening to the public (e.g. Church objects) following the agreement of
the owner.

The
Resolution No 4 of the European Council of the year 1998 on Cultural Routes
formed the common principles, topics and priorities, on the basis of which the
cultural routes and they categories are created.

The
traffic in Slovakia and especially the cultural tourism can use, by their
development, not only the richness of monument fund, but of all cultural
heritage of Slovakia with the emphasis on the protection of their authentic and
regional individuality. Also the identification of cultural monuments with the
road-information signs, for which a project waiting for the realization was
created, serves for the better propagation and presentation of monuments. Up to
now, the monuments are identified only sporadic on the basis of the aim of
owners and communities.

The
state supports also the presentation and propagation of archaeological
localities in the framework of traffic and especially in the form of
archaeological parks. The state uses the means of the fund Pro Slovakia for this
purpose.

The
non-governmental organizations, regional associations, municipalities (e.g. Šahy
– Kláštor, Dechtice – Katarínka, Zvolen – Pustý hrad, Slovenská Ľupča –
Kláštorisko, Liptovská Mara – Havránok, Letanovce – Kláštorisko) are of
significant importance by the exploration and also presentation of
archaeological localities.

6.4
Publications

The
most significant publications of the Institute of monuments preservation from
1952 to 1999

1952
Monuments
and museums – The journal for the monuments protection and museum troubles.
Bratislava, Slovak institute of monuments preservation, 1952-/1960/

1960
The
textbook of the Slovak institute of monuments preservation and nature protection
(SÚPSOP) in Bratislava; Section of the monuments protection – The material of
the I. Slovak Conference on issues of protection and documentation of folk
architecture in Slovakia. Bratislava, Slovak institute of monuments preservation
and nature protection, 1960

1966
Monumentorum
tutela – Monuments protection, Part 1
Bratislava, Obzor for the Slovak
institute of monuments preservation and nature protection (SÚPSOP)
1966

HOBZEK, Josef – JANKOVIČ, Vendelín:
The bibliography of the monuments literature in the Czech and Slovak Socialist
Republic from 1961 to 1962
Prague – Bratislava, SÚPPOP – Slovak institute of
monuments preservation and nature protection (SÚPSOP) 1966

1967
Inventory
of monuments in Slovakia, Part 1, A – J
Bratislava, Obzor for SÚPSOP
1967

Monumentorum tutela – Monuments
protection, Part 4
Bratislava, SÚPSOP 1967 – 1968

1968
HOBZEK,
Josef – JANKOVIČ, Vendelín: The bibliography of the monuments literature in the
Czech and Slovak Socialist Republic in the year 1965
Bratislava, Obzor for
SÚPSOP 1968

Monumentorum tutela – Monuments
protection, Part 2
Bratislava, SÚPSOP 1968

The
Mikuláš Conference on state monuments preservation in Slovakia
Liptovský
Mikuláš, 4th – 6th June 1968, the textbook
Bratislava, SÚPSOP 1968

Inventory of monuments in Slovakia,
Part 2, K – P
Bratislava, Obzor for SÚPSOP 1968

1969
Inventory
of monuments in Slovakia, Part 3, R – Ž
Bratislava, Obzor for SÚPSOP
1969

Monumentorum tutela – Monuments
protection, Part 5
Bratislava, Pallas for SÚPSOP 1969

1970
Monumentorum
tutela – Monuments protection, Part 6
Bratislava, Pallas for SÚPSOP
1970

HOBZEK, Josef – JANKOVIČ, Vendelín:
The bibliography of the monuments literature in the Czech and Slovak Socialist
Republic in the year 1967
Martin, Osveta for SÚPSOP 1970

KUTLÍK, František: The instruction
proposal for the elaboration of the Act on the Cultural Monuments
Study
materials of the Institute
Bratislava, SÚPSOP 1970

Movable monuments of the
Middle-Slovak Region
Banská Bystrica, SÚPSOP, the center in Banská Bystrica
/1970/

1971
KUTLÍK,
František: Organs of monuments preservation – Study materials of the
Institute
Bratislava, SÚPSOP 1971

FRICKÝ, Alexander: The terminology
of the movable cultural monuments recorded in state lists in Slovakia
Study
materials of the Institute
Bratislava, SÚPSOP 1971

1972
KUTLÍK,
František: The criminal responsibility in the monuments preservation
Study
materials of the Institute
Bratislava, SÚPSOP 1972

Deal
on the means of prohibition and prevention of unallowable export and of
ownership transfer of cultural values – Study materials of the
Institute
Bratislava, SÚPSOP 1972

The
international regulation for the monuments protection, their collections and
historical settlements – Study materials of the Institute
Bratislava, SÚPSOP
1972

The
proposal for the agreement related to the world cultural and natural heritage
protection
Study materials of the Institute
Bratislava, SÚPSOP
1972

1974
The
Inventory of monuments of the Slovak National Uprising
Bratislava, SÚPSOP
1974

1975
The
Inventory of monuments of the liberation
Bratislava, SÚPSOP 1975

Monumentorum tutela – Monuments
protection, Part 9 Symposium ICOMOS in the Czech and Slovak Socialist Republic
in 1971
Bratislava, Obzor for SÚPSOP 1976

FRICKÝ, Alexander: The protection
and security of cultural monuments. The expert-methodical document set according
to the lecturers of the seminar on 24th – 25th March 1976 in
Bardejov
Bratislava, SÚPSOP 1976

KUTLÍK, František: The valorization
of the valid legal norms of the monuments preservation.
Study materials of
the Institute
Bratislava, SÚPSOP 1976

Symposium in the Czech and Slovak
Socialist Republic in 1976 – The recommendations adopted on the international
symposium “The New Life in the Historical Settlements”; Prague – Bratislava,
30th September – 5th October 1976
Bratislava, SÚPSOP 1976

1978
The
monuments in Slovakia, Part 4
Bratislava, Obzor for SÚPSOP 1978

The
castles and palaces in the country;
The cultural monuments of the
Middle-Slovak region – The catalogue of the exhibition
Banská Bystrica,
KSŠPSOP 1978 – 1979

1981
The
jubilee textbook; 30 years of the Slovak Institute of monuments preservation and
nature protection in Bratislava
Bratislava, Obzor for SÚPSOP 1981

JANKOVIČ, Vendelín: The
bibliography of the monuments literature in the Slovak Socialist Republic from
1968 to 1975
Martin, Osveta for SÚPSOP 1981

ŠUJANOVÁ, Oľga: The surface finish
of the monuments objects – The seminar of SÚPSOP, on 28th – 30th October 1980;
Opatová
Bratislava, the State institute of monuments preservation
1981

ŠUJANOVÁ, Oľga – MIRZOVÁ, Marta:
The recommendations for the protection of the wooden constructions of monuments
objects
Bratislava, SÚPSOP 1981

1982
The
monuments protection; International deals, recommendations, charters and
resolutions;
Arranged by Oľga ŠUJANOVÁ
Bratislava, the State monuments
preservation center 1982

1983
The
monuments preservation of folk architecture and technical monuments; Study
news;
Bratislava, Príroda for State institute of monuments preservation
1983

The
protection and utilization of the historical green in Slovakia; Study
news;
Bratislava, Príroda for State institute of monuments preservation
1983

1984
Monumentorum
tutela – Monuments protection, Part 11
Bratislava, Obzor for State institute
of monuments preservation 1984

The
international colloquy on the monuments preservation aimed at the folk
architecture in dependence of urban troubles – The guide
Bratislava, State
institute of monuments preservation 1984

1985
LIPTAY,
Jaroslav: The principles and methods of the rescue and regeneration of the
historical cores of cities; Study news;
Bratislava, State institute of
monuments preservation 1985

1986
Construction
technologies and monuments presentation in Slovakia; Study news;
Bratislava,
State institute of monuments preservation 1986

The
legislative forms of the protection of historic urban collections in the
socialistic countries; Study news;
Bratislava, State institute of monuments
preservation 1986

1987
The rescue
of the roof constructions; Study news;
Bratislava, State institute of
monuments preservation in Videopress MON 1987

Monumentorum tutela – Monuments
protection, Part 12
Bratislava, Obzor for State institute of monuments
preservation 1987

PETRAS, Ivan – HAĽAMA, Slavo: The
Poprad region – the treasury of architectonic monuments
Prešov, KÚŠPSOP
1987

1988
Monumentorum
tutela – Monuments protection, Part 13
Bratislava, Obzor for State institute
of monuments preservation 1988

The
protection of mining technical monuments in Slovakia; Study news;
Bratislava,
Alfa for State institute of monuments preservation 1988

MLYNKA, Ladislav: Production and
technical objects in the folk construction; Study news;
Bratislava, State
institute of monuments preservation 1988

1989
The rescue
of vertical and horizontal constructions of monuments objects; Study
rumors;
Arranged by Dušan TESÁK, Eng. Arch.
Bratislava, State institute of
monuments preservation 1989

LIPTAYOVÁ, Zuzana: The
professional-methodical principles of the rescue, maintenance, renewal and
utilization of the folk architecture objects for the individual recreation, for
free and bound traffic; Study news
Bratislava, State institute of monuments
preservation 1989

1990
FRICKÝ,
Alexander: The dictionary of the unified names of movable monuments registered
in the General Inventory of the Cultural Monuments of Slovak Socialistic
Republic
Bratislava, State institute of monuments preservation
1990

DVOŘÁKOVÁ, V. – LALKOVÁ, J. –
TÓTHOVÁ, Š. – ZÁLEŽÁKOVÁ, G.: Levoča – The municipal monuments
reservation
Bratislava, State institute of monuments preservation
1990

UŠÁKOVÁ, Mária: Ždiar – Monuments
reservation of folk architecture
Bratislava, State institute of monuments
preservation 1990

1991
Bardejov –
The city monuments reservation. The referee: Jarmila LALKOVÁ, Eng.
Arch.
Bratislava, Slovak institute of monuments preservation 1991

1992
Gemer –
The traffic perspectives in the area – Monuments
Rožňava, Slovak institute of
monuments preservation, Rožňava center in co-operation with the advertising
agency ProArtDesign
Martin 1992

1995
KODOŇOVÁ,
Mária – TÓTHOVÁ, Štefánia: The Beckov castle – The results of national cultural
monument exploration
Bratislava, Institute of monuments preservation
1995

Banská Štiavnica – World Cultural
Heritage; arranged by Viera DVOŘÁKOVÁ, Štefánia TÓTHOVÁ
Bratislava, Institute
of monuments preservation 1995

JANKOVIČ, Vendelín: University in
Trnava
Bratislava, Institute of monuments preservation 1995

Monumentorum tutela – Monuments
protection, Part 13
Bratislava, the National monuments and country
center,
Slovak institute of monuments preservation 1996

The
world cultural and natural heritage
Bratislava, the National monuments and
country center,
Slovak institute of monuments preservation 1996

1997
The
monuments of Trnava and Trnava region – The textbook of the seminar of the days
of the European Cultural Heritage; arranged by Jaroslava ŽUFFOVÁ
Trnava, Ján
Koniarko Gallery 1997

1998
BOTÍK, J.
– RUTTKAY, M. – ŠALKOVSKÝ, P.: The folk architecture and urbanization of the
country settlements in Slovakia from the point of view of the newest knowledge
of archeology and ethnography.
Bratislava, Ministry of Culture of the Slovak
Republic, the National monuments and country center, published by Academic
Electronic Press Ltd, 1998

Folk
Architecture in Slovakia; arranged by Gabriela HABÁŇOVÁ, Jaroslav LIPTAY and the
collective of Institute of monuments preservation
Bratislava, Ministry of
Culture of the Slovak Republic, National Protection and Landscape Center,
1998

Renovatio. The periodical about the
problems of the theory and practice of cultural monuments restoration

1998
Bratislava,
the National monuments and country center, the State restoration ateliers,
1998

1999
The
monuments and museums – Revue for the cultural heritage; Established in
1952
Bratislava, Slovak National Museum – the Institute of monuments
preservation 1991 – 2002
In 1999 four numbers were published, the second of
which was devoted to the Romanesque monuments in Slovakia.

Arkáda. The intern bulletin of the
Institute of monuments preservation Bratislava
Rožňava, Institute of
monuments preservation, workplace Rožňava 1999

I
have a monument, what shall I do?
The brief guide for the cultural monuments
owner

Vademecum of the owner
The guide
for the advanced cultural monument owner

7.1 Changes
in the number of protected sites

Registered monuments in Slovakia
(1st January 2000 – after Institute of Monuments preservation in Bratislava The
General Inventory of Cultural Monuments):

Architecture 7,515
Gardens,
Parks 333
Technology (immovable) objects 451
Archaeological sites
340
Rural architecture 1,821
Others 2,215 (V and H)

Church furnishing (movables)
30,047

On
1st January 1963 the number of immovable objects protected as cultural
(historic) monuments was about 30,000 units, listed: 0
On 1st January 1980
listed: 8,964
On 1st January 1988 (new law) were protected only listed
monuments: 11,179 units
On 1st January 1990 listed: 12,443
On 1st January
2000 listed: 12,675
From 1990 to 2000 the annual rate of monuments in
protection represents 114 listings in average.

The
proportion of owners 1990 – 2000

Form
of proprietorship 1990
% 2000
%
State 36 16
Municipalities 20
24
Church 20 23
Juridical persons 0 8
Physical persons 24 29

Protected area, protected
zone
On 31st December 2000 Protected area: 28
Protected zone:
88
Protected Sites in WHL: 4 cultural 1 natural

The
representation of immovable monuments according to the types on 31st December
2000:
– Architectural monuments 7,515
– Monuments of folk architecture
1,821
– Historical monuments 1,397
– Monuments of historical greens
333
– Archaeological monuments 340
– Technical monuments 451
–
Monuments of art 818
– Total 12,675

The
full-value part of the monuments fund is also the archaeological finding-places.
The archaeological discoveries and localities are declared the cultural
monuments and territories and admittedly also the presumed and non-open
archaeological discoveries, which were identified through methods and
technologies of archaeological exploration. At present, the archaeological
localities represent 283 cultural monuments (340 monuments objects primarily,
138 monuments objects secondarily) in the General Inventory of the Cultural
Monuments of Slovakia. 23 archaeological localities are presented and open among
archaeological localities declared the cultural monuments. Archaeological
finding-places are protected also in the framework of monuments reservation,
monuments zones and in the localities of world cultural heritage.

The
note: archaeological finding-places, which are not declared the cultural
monuments, are recorded by the Archaeological Institute of the Slovak Academy of
Sciences with the amount of ca 30,000.

7.2 Nature of the protected
sites

Nature of legislation divides
movable part of heritage under various institutions’ supervision, Museum,
National library, Gallery, Archive, …

The
movable monuments in the property of the state (the objects in archives, museums
or libraries under State Treasury or other legal entities administration), and
non-registered private collections are not included in the Register of
Monuments.

7.3 Type of
ownership

The
proportion of owners 1990 – 2000:

Form
of proprietorship 1990
% 2000
%
State 36 16
Municipalities 20
24
Church 20 23
Juridical persons 0 8
Physical persons 24 29

7.4 Tourism and the
heritage

It is
necessary to engage the cultural heritage of Slovakia in the Middle-European
coherences. One of the possible forms is the modelling of cultural tourism
routes, by using of the net connection from the attractive and known objects and
localities towards the unknown. We propose two basic programs: the program for
Slovakia and international program.

Program for
Slovakia:

a)
Existing routes
– Gothic route
– Summer route – the mount at 101 castles
and palaces in Slovakia
b) Proposed routes
– Monuments reservations in
Slovakia
– Mining cities in Slovakia
– Folk architecture jewels
–
Wooden churches in Slovakia
– Technical unique in Slovakia
–
Architectonic and artistic heritage of Spiš
– Middle Ages in East
Slovakia
– Painting groundwork in Gemer
– Middle-European baroque in
Slovakia

The
international program – proposed routes
– Romans on Danube River
–
Middle-European gothic woodcarving and the work of mister Pavol
– The
renaissance in Spiš
– East-Slovak wooden churches
– Wandering misters in
Gemer – Middle-Ages wall art
– The Habsburgs and Slovakia
– The European
route of saint Elisabeth Durínska

The
most visited museums and galleries in object, which are the cultural monuments
at the same time:

Bojnice Museum 200,000
(annually)
Orava Castle – National cultural monument 155,000
Betliar
Museum 155,000
Červený Kameň Častá Museum 151,000
Strečno Castle –
National cultural monument 148,000
Spiš Castle – National cultural monument
137,000
Devín Castle – National cultural monument 129,000
Banská Štiavnica
Mining Museum 113,000
Trenčín Castle – National cultural monument
105,000
Bratislava Castle – National cultural monument 70,000

The
number of visitors of Slovak museums fluctuated around 3,500,000 annually from
1995 to 2000.

7.5 Other
data

For
detailed information visit the web site of the Institute of Monuments
preservation in Bratislava: http://www.pamiatky.sk or uzkp@pamiatky.sk or web
site of Ministry of Culture of the Slovak Republic
http://www.culture.gov.sk

The
authors, sources and resources for the elaboration of single chapters:
1.
KOSOVÁ Katarína
2. ŠKOVIERA Ľuboslav
3. REJTHÁR Rudolf, TAHY Alexej
4.
ŠKOVIERA Ľuboslav, DVOŘÁKOVÁ Viera
5. ŠEVČÍKOVÁ Eva, DVOŘÁKOVÁ Viera
6.
Textbook of the conference Routs of Heritage (Rožňava from 3rd to 5th December
1998):

KOSOVÁ, Katarína: Slovakia and the
cultural routes in Middle-Europe. In: Culture and traffic. The textbook of the
science conference; Matej Bel University in Banská Bystrica, Faculty of Economy,
2001, pages 65 – 71

VELASOVÁ Ľubica: The utilization of
châteaux and curia in the traffic. In: Culture and traffic. The textbook of the
science conference; Matej Bel University in Banská Bystrica, Faculty of Economy,
2001, pages 41 – 45.
6.4. MOJŽIŠOVÁ Halina
7. ŠKOVIERA Ľuboslav